Monday, June 12, 2006

Soft Science, Meet Hard Science

What do a Russian Revolutionary, a quiet assistant professor of geology at Ohio State, and a Nobel Laureate have to do with this geoarchaeologist's weekend?

In a strange twist of cosmic events, the stars aligned for one unbelievable evening on Saturday June 10th in New York City. Yes indeed this story goes back to the Russian Revolution, where Vladimir I. Lenin had a hand in my long time geology friend Matt's birth. Don't take my word for it, read for yourself.

Matt Williams was an aspiring paleontologist in the integrated science program at Northwestern University. Matt was at a crossroads near the end of his undergraduate career in 2002. He could either pursue graduate school in geology at the University of Cincinnati or head to The Ohio State University. Dr. Matthew R. Saltzman from OSU decided that he really wanted Matt in our program, and offered him sums of money, thus sealing Matt's decision... thus sealing our meeting in Larry Krissek's Sed/Strat course, thus sealing our friendship in Bill Ausich's Carbonate Sedimentology class. Last summer, Matt received word that he got the job as a NYC Teaching Fellow and off he went to begin his career as a 10th grade science teacher. This is how he, along with several of my other friends, made their way up to the big city.

It just so happened that when I planned this trip to the Big Apple several months ago, Matt's parents were planning to be in town as well and an extra ticket was secured for me to see Peter Orth at the Lincoln Center. At the time I agreed to take in this show on the Saturday evening of my trip, I had no idea that I would be eating out of the same vegetable tray as James Watson, discoverer of the DNA molecule, Nobel Laureate.
Yes, this man you see pictured here sat merely a few rows in front of me during the Peter Orth concert and then sipped wine and snacked aplenty with me at the after party. If only I had the chance to ask this skillfull, hard scientist just what he thought about those of us practicing what is often termed "soft science". Perhaps he would have given me advice to go after the big unknowns in order to make a difference in the world's understanding of the first Americans. Yes, I believe James Watson would want me to do that.

Wednesday, June 07, 2006

Hopewell: Origins, Artistry & Culture

On May 19th and 20th, 2006, A Hopewell Symposium was held at the Midwest Hotel and Conference Center in Columbus, Ohio thanks to the Archaeological Society of Ohio (ASO).

The President of the Mound City Chapter, John "Barney" Barnhart, had asked me earlier in the year if I would represent Hopewell Culture NHP and come with a display. I, of course, cannot turn down such invitations, though as the dates approached, I was looking less and less forward to attending the event as more and more projects piled on at work for the busy upcoming field season. Friday May 19th arrived and I grudgingly drove my car back to Columbus and to the hotel. I was relieved to see Barney, who helped me lug all the stuff from my car and take it to a conference room in the basement. Many seemed casually surprised that a Ranger was there in uniform.

I set up my display and started fielding questions. Before long, it was time for the first talk by one of my former advisors at Ohio State, Bill Dancey. I went in a bit early to find Dancey so I could say hello. He spotted me and called out to me. I spun around and saw him standing there in his cool new suit with matching hat next to a taller gentleman. Dancey introduced me to Michael Wiant, the taller gentleman, who also happens to be the director of the Dickson Mounds Museum. My eyes lit up immediately as I launched into how much I adore the Museum and how I had just visited in March. It was very cool to meet him.

I sat near the front and listened to Dancey talk about two of the more predominant Hopewell settlement sites: Overly and Strait. I appreciated Dr. Robert Morris' talk on the Manuring Mound Site in eastern Clark County, Ohio. He struck quite a chord with me since his background is in Geology, including carbonate geology and paleontology. His connection of the Cleona sponge to the Bahamas was very interesting.

I left that evening feeling rather encouraged by the group of people who turned out, by those who I met and talked to at my table. I also left that evening feeling rather intrigued by an apparent member within the upper echelons of ASO....

Day 2: Saturday May 20th, I woke up, ran a marathon, showered, dressed in my GI skirt and headed to round two of the symposium. When I arrived, Barney and Jeb (another Mound City chapter member) were watching over my table. I also noticed my early archaeology mentor, Martha Otto, was set up right next to me with a display of Hopewell artifacts from the Ohio Historical Society. It was good to see her and catch up, though I'm disappointed at the way things have been going in regards to the archaeological resources OHS protects. Dr. Paul Pacheco was also roaming around with his field school students from SUNY Geneseo, who had come with archaeology posters to go with the one Mark Lynott graciously let me borrow for this event.

A little while later, the man who had caught my eye earlier, approached my table with his camera, asking if he could take a picture of me and my display. I obliged and pushed for his email address to be put on the Park's list for our Summer Lecture Series in Archaeology. I noted his name and realized he was a speaker. His talk was coming up so I decided to listen in.

John C. Rummel's talk was on the North Benton Mound in Mahoning County. I'm glad I went to this because it happened to be one of the more interesting one's of the symposium due to the nature of the white stone bird effigy and complex burial associated with it. The most interesting point of the talk was the fact that crushed human skulls were found plus abrasion marks on stones that contained skull fragments. Interestingly, the crushed skull fragments were at the feet of the burials. The question is, was this deliberate human sacrifice by the Hopewell for those who had died? If so, it would be the first one that I know of! Plus, what is with the nature of that bird effigy? Were there others like it?? These are all things I would like to know.

Next up was Dr. Richard Gramly's lecture on tobacco. If you want to know what I really thought of this, just ask Dr. DeeAnn Wymer for her views on the subject of the Ohio Hopewell as Tobacco Drugs Lords. I will say that Gramly's lecture was good in the respect that I learned a lot about the Iroquois as he made ethnographic connections to the Hopewell. Too bad he doesn't have any evidence though to support his Drug Lord theory.

After the day's lectures, I ran home to change into a blouse and suit so that I could partake in the evening dinner more comfortably. I sat at a table with an old friend from Honduras, Mike Carter, and several other older, male, archaeology enthusiasts. I passed the time talking about my appointment to the University of Kansas and my upcoming paleo geoarchaeology work there, as well as anecdotes from the park, and a brief explanation of magnetometry.

After the keynote speaker, Dr. Barbara Harkness, who talked about the Squier and Davis collection in the British Museum, the evening was over. I made my rounds to say my goodbyes and ran back into Barney. Barney, in his typical Barney fashion, said that I needed to talk to "Chris" about getting a copy of the video-recorded symposium. I didn't know who Chris was, so I reluctantly agreed. After all, I was pooped! Little did I know that Chris was John C. Rummel. Okay, cool, I thought. I remembered I had his email already down on my Park list, so I promised an email Monday morning so I could get a copy of the symposium.

I headed out and left the symposium feeling really great about the opportunity to have been there. It was a good exercise in networking and I feel that I really reached the park out to several people since at least 5 showed up in Chillicothe in the days following the symposium. It was fantastic talking with old friends and professors and even better for meeting others who have already helped me significantly with their resources and wealth of knowledge on the Hopewell Culture. Other good things I'm sure will come from this symposium as well.... But only time will tell.

Saturday, April 08, 2006

A Needed Update with News of Acceptance

Before I continue my next post in the promised series on Health in the Ancient World, I would like to update everyone on what's been going on in my life and explain my recent blog silence.

Only one word can really describe it: BUSY. It was certainly a tough quarter taking advanced skeletal biology and archaeological theory. Suddenly the last few weeks of class became jam packed with back to back papers to finish and presentations to give. These papers and presentations however were on the very topic of health and diet in the ancient world so I do indeed have good stuff ready to post online. Despite winter blues and tough courses, I managed to pull out a 3.7 for the quarter, not too shabby.

The exciting news of acceptance into graduate school came just a week before finals week and it was just the boost I needed. Beginning in August, I will be attending the University of Kansas. I will start the MA program in Anthropology, specialization in Geoarchaeology, with Dr. Rolfe Mandel as my advisor (see my post on Geoarchaeology at the University of Kansas). This was my top choice and I have already accepted the offer to attend. I have been busy searching for places to live and it is going well so far.

Upon hearing from the University of Kansas, I decided to take spring quarter off from Ohio State and accept a full time seasonal Ranger position at Hopewell Culture NHP. My change from student hire to seasonal is the perfect opportunity to put all my effort into the archaeology that will be taking place at Hopewell Mound Group this summer and my Archaeology Merit Badge program with the Boy Scouts of America. This will also give me the opportunity to save up money before I make the move to Lawrence, Kansas in August.

After finals week, I headed out on a road trip to visit prehistoric Native American sites including Dickson Mounds and Cahokia. The main goal of the trip was to see and understand the Mississippian Culture and the archaeological method and theory conducted. While traveling, I also visited many National Parks including the Lincoln Home, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Grant Home, Great Smoky Mountains, Fort Raleigh, Wright Brothers Memorial, and Cape Hatteras National Seashore. It was quite a trip! I smashed a lot into a two week vacation from work and school.

I'm back now and settling into the M-F routine at work. More posts soon to come.

Sunday, January 29, 2006

Recent LiDAR Applications in Archaeology

Photo location.

Back in December, I received an email from a fellow park service employee at Valley Forge.

Laura,
I came across your blog through the miracles of Google and was interested to see that you're a NPS-type too. I'm the GIS person at Valley Forge and I've been asked by my supervisor to research the possibilities of having LiDAR flown for the park to map our archaeological resources. Do you have any suggestions about how to go about this? I've seen that it's been done in the UK a lot and I checked out the links in your blog, but I'm not sure that either of those companies would be of much help given their distance from Philadelphia. I will contact them and see if they have any hints, but I thought I'd ask you as well.
--------------------------------------------------

I definitely have a keen interest in the archaeological applications of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) as well as other applications in geophysical survey since studying Magnetometry and conducting magnetic survey with the park service at Hopewell Mound Group in Chillicothe, Ohio, but I don't exactly know the answer yet to help the folks out at Valley Forge.

So what is LiDAR?
Definition: Lidar is a type of aircraft-based remote sensing, using laser-driven pulses of light and multispectral cameras to scan and process digital information about a landscape. Used originally to map environments, lidar has been of demonstrable use in archaeological survey and mapping of monuments.

I have no doubt that Valley Forge will figure things out because LiDAR is gaining momentum in archaeology (esp. in the UK; Archaeoptics.), but the application still has a long way to go here in the states, where it is primarily being used to conduct highway surveys and other civil services, like here in Ohio. It is here in Ohio where the little guy scrapes by to perform pedestrian geophysical survey in order to find archaeological sites, a much slower process (thanks Jarrod!!).

So, while at the OSU Library the other day, I browsed through one of the latest issues of Antiquity (Volume: 79 Number: 305 Page: 636-647 ) and found this:
New light on an ancient landscape: lidar survey in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site

And then I found this write-up online:
Stonehenge Laser Scans
The landscape around Stonehenge is rich in archaeological sites of all periods, hundreds of them, including barrows and cursuses from prehistoric times, Romano-British camps, medieval field-systems and more recently the railways and the remains of the Stonehenge Aerodrome including some hangar footings, testament to continued use and re-use of the space. It is due to the internationally recognised importance of this archaeological landscape that UNESCO have designated the area a World Heritage Site.

I believe that because of the success of using LiDAR at this famous site, we are going to start seeing more wide-spread use in archaeology. I'll try and keep everyone posted and Valley Forge, keep me posted!

Saturday, January 28, 2006

Health in the Ancient World: Part II

I'm looking to gear my Winter Quarter Skeletal Biology research paper on uncovering and understanding disease in the ancient world, perhaps even a comparison with Greek and Roman bone samples if that is not too ambitious. The great news is that I have received permission from my instructor, Dr. Stout, to explore the subject and to come up with a paper topic by whatever I deem research-worthy or most interesting.

In the first part of this series on ancient health, I took a look at the recent news posting about new data from dental pulp samples revealing typhoid fever as a possible cause for the plague of 430 B.C. in Athens. I was curious about the remarks of the Greek historian Thucydides, who, in Book II of Histories, led scholars to rule out typhoid as the cause of the plague.

An article called "Thucydides and the Plague: The Roots of Scientific Writing", appeared in Written Communication, v. 15, issue 3: 1998. It sums up previous research that attempted to make analogous the ancient plague descriptions with modern illnesses such as influenza and measles. But with Thucydides' descriptions of the plague, there seems no real modern counterpart, the culprit of the ancient deaths remaining largely a mystery. That is precisely what makes the new research on dental pulp so exciting as we begin to see more of a bioarchaeological approach being used to solve an old question.

Integration of archaeological evidence with written evidence from ancient historians is what drew me into classical archaeology in the first place: comparing ancient texts, i.e.Pliny's description of the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, to the evidence left behind in the record, is not only exciting, but also provides such a great tool to learn about the past.

In what other ways can we start putting together the history of ancient health and disease?

For starters, Malaria and Rome : a history of malaria in ancient Italy by Robert Sallares was recommended to me as an "interesting read" by my former ancient history advisor Dr. Nathan Rosenstein.

The Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, v. 60, no. 1: January 2005, provides a book review of Malaria and Rome by Dr. Ann Hanson of Yale. Hanson states that Sallares "juxtaposes ancient literary and archeological evidence about malaria with what is now known about the disease's ecology and epidemiology...". The book is being sent to me as we speak, so I will post an update once I go through the material.

In the next post in this series, I'll be discussing two recent publications on ancient health--both are case studies: one from Isola Sacra and the other on Classical and Hellenistic Greeks.

Thursday, January 26, 2006

Series on Health in the Ancient World: Part I

My next series of posts are going to be on various topics in uncovering health and nutrition in the Greek and Roman world, as I take a break from my various historical and scientific political interests.

I became interested in health in the ancient world as of late mostly because of Dr. Sam Stout's advanced Skeletal Biology course that I am taking this quarter in the Anthropology department. Coming from an ancient history/geology background, I know literally NOTHING about bone biology. I can't even tell you the differences in the bones themselves--tibia or fibia?--no clue, much less do I have a clue about bones at a cellular level. But if you know anything at all about me, you know that my thirst for new knowledge keeps me going, and that by the end of the quarter, I'll be quite proficient in this field of study.

Most of the following posts in this series will be based more on histomorphometric and anthropometric analysis from the Greek and Roman world, as this ties nicely into the course. My goal is to pull a research paper out of this series.

So let's get started. The first article is as follows:

Typhoid 'caused fall of Athens' From bbcnews.com

A University of Athens team analysed DNA from dental pulp found in a burial pit dating back to 430 BC and linked it to the organism that causes typhoid.

Scientists have long debated the cause of the plague that ended Athenian dominance of the classical world. The study in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases says a number of diseases were suspected as the cause. These included bubonic plague, smallpox, anthrax and measles as suspected causes of the epidemic which spread across northern Africa to Egypt, Libya and Greece.

Between 430 and 426 BC the plague killed almost a third of the Athenian population and its armed forces, along with the city's leader and mastermind of Athenian glory, Pericles. The research team investigated DNA material in three randomly selected intact teeth found in the ancient cemetery of Kerameikos which dates back to the outbreak of the disease. All teeth were washed and the dental pulp removed was subjected to a series of DNA tests. The results were compared with the DNA profiles of a seven disease-causing viruses and bacteria. An ancient strain of the organism causing typhoid fever was found to be present in the dental pulp of all three dental samples.

Microbiological evidence
The team said in their research: "For an infectious disease to be considered as a likely cause of the Plague of Athens, it must, above all have existed at that time. "Infectious diarrhoeas and dysentery as described by the ancients, imply that typhoid fever was an endemic problem in the ancient world."

The team added that it was the first time microbiological evidence associated with the plague had been analysed. Previously assumptions about the cause had been based on the narrations of a the 5th Century Greek historian Thucydides. Earlier research rejected the idea that typhoid caused the plague because of the symptoms described by Thucydides did not fit with the modern day typhoid. But the researchers said inconsistencies maybe explained by the possible evolution of typhoid fever over time.

Lead author Dr Manolis Papagrigorakis said: "Studying historical aspects of infectious diseases can be a powerful tool for several disciplines to learn from."

Dr Daniel Antoine, lecturer in bioarchaeology and dental anthropology at University College London's Institute of Archaeology, described the work on DNA as solid and said the results were very interesting. However, he added: "It would be nice to have another lab repeat this work on a larger sample from a Greek site of the same period, before typhoid fever is attributed as the sole 'cause' of the plague, and thus eliminate the possibility of an isolated outbreak of typhoid fever."

--I agree with the last statement by Dr. Antoine. There definitely needs to be more work done in this area in order to be sure of a more wide-spread typhoid plague. The title of this article is quite misleading and over-reaching--performing this research at just one location doesn't prove much. It's interesting that Thucydides is brought up as being the main source of previous scientific rejection of the typhoid-as-plague possibility. One can only rely so much on the ancient authors for reality of situations for all. So, all in all, it is great to see that such previous assumptions are beginning to be proved or disproved--let's keep those bold news titles coming!

Thursday, January 19, 2006

The Panda's Thumb and other (R)evolutionary Updates

As a student of archaeology and geology at the Ohio State University, I feel compelled to action in the Intelligent Design debate. I have never considered myself politically minded or an activist. I do however, consider myself educated and able to form strong opinions based on facts. As of the recent January 10 Ohio Board of Education decision regarding Intelligent Design in Ohio schools, I have raised my voice both here at Ohio State and through this blog. My new political agenda has been noticed by Spinning Clio, a blog dealing with the "intersection of history and politics".

In trying to untangle the evolution/ID debate and with the help of the numerous educational resources of the Ohio Citizens for Science webpage, I came across The Panda's Thumb, a fantastic blog with a purpose to "discuss evolutionary theory, critique the claims of the antievolution movement, defend the integrity of both science and science education, and share good conversation." (I am also now reading Gould's book by the same name.)

Other than that, there are plans in the works to hold discussion groups on evolution and ID at Ohio State which I am beginning to organize. If you would like to take part in these discussions please email me or post a comment.

If you are for science integrity in the schools, and oppose ID being taught, please sign your name to this petition.